Written by:
Jul 26, 2021

Capitalization in German

Are you learning German? Have you wondered what its capitalization rules are? 

In German, all nouns and all substantives are capitalized. All other parts of speech are written with a lowercase letter. If the spelling of individual words or word combinations raises doubts, you should refer to a spelling dictionary.

Capitalization in German

Forms of Address

There are two forms of address in German:

1) Addressing formally: Sie, Ihre, Ihnen;

2) "You" informally; in the singular: du, dein, dir, dich and in the plural: ihr, euer, euch.

All forms of polite address are capitalized as shown above. All other forms of "you" are always written with a lower case letter. This rule also applies to forms of address in letters and telegrams. For example:

Lieber Freund, ich habe deinen Brief vor einer Woche bekommen, konnte leider dir nicht gleich dieAntwort schreiben.

In Practice

All forms of address, except the polite form, are written with a lowercase letter. The polite form of address is written with a capital letter.

German capitalization

Substantiated parts of speech

As mentioned above, nouns in German are written with a capital letter and have either an article or another accompanying word. Adjectives can also be used with an article or other accompanying word and act as a noun. Here are a couple of examples:

  • Mein Alter kommt morgen.
  • Unsere Große ist schon 16.

Regardless of what part of speech a word is most often (what part of speech it is designated in the dictionary), it should be capitalized if it has been substantiated (that is if it has or could have been accompanied by an accompanying word in the situation and is used as a noun). 

Compare the following:

  • im großen und ganzen → im Großen und Ganzen
  • im allgemeinen → im Allgemeinen
  • das beste an (Spargel) → das Beste an (Spargel)
  • den kürzeren ziehen → den Kürzeren ziehen
  • gestern mittag → gestern Mittag
  • heute abend → heute Abend
  • jeder einzelne /jeder Einzelne → jeder Einzelne
  • auf die sieben setzen → auf die Sieben setzen
  • im voraus → im Voraus
  • der letzte → der Letzte
  • nicht das geringste → nicht das Geringste
  • der nächste, bitte → der Nächste, bitte
  • des näheren → des Näheren
  • alles übrige → alles Übrige
  • auf dem trockenen sitzen → auf dem Trockenen sitzen

Look here: im Deutschen, das Englisch, das Du, kein Aber.

If a word can be preceded (in this or a similar situation) by either an accompanying word or an article, it should also be capitalized (even if there is no accompanying word in the above example). For example:

  • Der Autor las Heiteres und Besinnliches, (ie, das Heitere, das Besinnliche).
  • Er überlegte sich Für und Wider genau.(ie das Für und das Wider).
  • Jung und Alt kam zum Fest. (because they mean alle Jungen und alle Alten).
  • Er sagte, er kommt Sonntagabend (ie am Sonntagabend).

In Practice

Words belonging to any parts of speech are capitalized if they are used as a noun.

The spelling of the following words and phrases are also changed according to this rule:

  • in bezug auf → in Bezug auf
  • mit Bezug auf → mit Bezug auf
  • radfahren → Rad fahren
  • Auto fahren → Auto fahren
  • angst (und bange) machen → Angst (und Bange) machen
  • Angst haben → Angst haben
  • auf Grund → auf Grund
  • außer acht lassen → außer Acht lassen
  • zugrunde gehen → zu Grunde gehen
  • aufseiten → auf Seiten
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Proper nouns and their formations

Proper nouns in German are written with a capital letter. If a proper name is preceded by some other part of speech that is also part of the full name or title, the word(s) should also be capitalized. For example:

  • der Alte Fritz (= Friedrich der Große)
  • der Stille Ozean (= Pazifik)
  • der Große Wagen (= Stemzeichen).
  • Unter den Linden (= Straße in Berlin)
  • der Schiefe Turm (= berühmtes Bauwerk in Pisa)
  • Fliegender Stern (= indianischer Name)
  • der Deutsche Bundestag (= deutsches Parlament)
  • die Grünen (= Partei)
  • die Königliche Hoheit (= Anrede für Königin)
  • Regierende Bürgermeister (= Amtsbezeichnung)
  • das Fleißige Lieschen (= Blume)
  • der Erste Mai (= Feiertag)

Sometimes proper names themselves have an attributive meaning. Depending on which suffix the adjective was formed from, the word can be written with either a capital or a small letter.

Adjectives 

Adjectives formed from place-names with the suffix -er are capitalized.

  • der Schweizer Käse
  • das Frankfurter Würstchen
  • der Kölner Dom
  • the Dresdener Gemäldegalerie

Adjectives formed from proper names with the apostrophe and the suffix -sch. are capitalized.

  • die Darwin' sche Theorie
  • die Schiller' schen Gedichte
  • der Kallmeyer' sche Verlag

Attention should also be paid to the fact that adjectives formed from place-names with the suffix -er are not declined; while other adjectives formed from proper names change in gender, number and case.

Adjectives formed from proper names without the apostrophe with suffixes -sch, -isch, -haft, -esk, are written with a lowercase letter.

  • die homerischen Heren(←Homer)
  • die darwinische Theorie(← Ch.Darwin)
  • der indische Tee(← Indien)
  • eulenspiegelhafter Schalk(← T. Eulenspiegel)

Note: Adjectives with -esk, -aft suffixes are very rare.

Adjectives are also written with a lowercase letter in collocations that have become a stable expression (unless they are part of a proper name, job title, street name, party name, star, landmark, etc.).

  • der griechische Salat
  • die rote Karte
  • die goldene Hochzeit
  • das olympische Feuer
  • das schwarze Schaf
  • das schwarze Brett
  • der goldene Schnitt
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Writing with a lowercase letter

Unsubstantiated parts of speech

If a noun in a sentence or in a word combination serves the function of another part of speech, it should be written with a lowercase letter.

In this connection, we need to name six nouns, which in combination with the verbs sein, bleiben, and werden should be written with a lowercase letter:

  • angst sein (bleiben, werden)
  • bange sein (bleiben, werden)
  • gram sein (bleiben, werden)
  • leid sein (bleiben, werden)
  • pleite sein (bleiben, werden)
  • schuld sein (bleiben, werden)

Words formed from nouns with -s or -ens are also written with lower case letters. They may act as a circumstance, a conjunction or a preposition in a sentence. For example:

  • abends
  • hungers
  • morgens
  • willens
  • mittags
  • rechtens
  • freitags
  • abseits
  • angesichts
  • namens
  • mangels
  • teils..., teils...
  • mittels
  • falls
  • schlechterdings
  • seitens
  • widrigenfalls
Capitalization in German

Words denoting any part of a whole, fractions, are written with a lowercase letter if they:

a) are used to denote time:

viertel vor acht; gegen halb neun;

b) used before a measure:

zwei hundertstel Sekunden; nach drei viertel Stunden; ein viertel Meter.

If a word that resembles a noun, in a phrase or sentence, answers the question "how? in what way? (wie?), it should be written with a lowercase letter.

For example:

  • Dieser Weg ist am kürzesten. (Wie ist der Weg?)
  • Er wurde aufs beste bedient. (Wie wurde er bedient?)

Nouns and numerals viel, wenig, eine, andere are written with a lowercase letter, even if they are used instead of nouns.

For example:

  • Doch manche mögen es heiß.
  • Und viele sind gekommen.
  • Aber andere schwiegen.
  • Persistent word combinations

In some stable expressions that have the form "preposition + adjective name without an article", the adjectives are written with a lowercase letter.

For example:

  • von nah und fern
  • von weitem
  • ohne weiteres
  • seit längerem
  • gegen bar
  • durch dick und dünn
  • über kurz oder lang
  • von klein auf
  • schwarz auf weiß

---

About the author: Diane H. Wong used to be a business coach. Besides, she is a writer at DoMyWriting so she prefers to spend her spare time working out marketing strategies. In this case, she has an opportunity to share her experience with others and keep up with advancing technologies.

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